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 Interface IDisposable. Write code to properly release unmanaged resources in the destructor and in the interface IDisposable in the C# 
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обновлено: 11 January 2019
Interface IDisposable
Method
void Dispose()
releases unmanaged resources
What are managed resources?
Most of the resources that we use in the program C# This is managed resources.
Managed Resources - these are classes that implement IDisposable.

Example 1:
  C#     managed resource
Font my;

my it is a managed resource because, class Font inherited from IDisposable

Example 2:
  C#     managed resource
FileStream myFile;

myFile it is a managed resource because, class FileStream inherited from IDisposable

Managed resources are cleaned up garbage collector when an object is removed from memory.
What are unmanaged resources?
Unmanaged resources - these are file descriptors, network connections, low-level database connections, and so on.

Example 1:
  C#     unmanaged resource
// create an unmanaged resource
IntPtr myHandle1 = CreateFile("D://1.txt", GENERIC_READ, FILE_SHARE_READ, IntPtr.Zero, OPEN_EXISTING, FILE_ATTRIBUTE_NORMAL, IntPtr.Zero);

// working with myHandle1
// ...

// release an unmanaged resource
CloseFile(myHandle1);

myHandle1 this is an unmanaged resource

Example 2:
  C#     unmanaged resource
// create an unmanaged resource
IntPtr myHandle2 = Marshal.AllocHGlobal(100);

// working with myHandle2
// ...

// release an unmanaged resource
Marshal.FreeHGlobal(myHandle2);

myHandle2 this is an unmanaged resource

It is more profitable to release unmanaged resources as early as possible, even before the object is deleted from memory.
For example our program opens the file and it is better that our program closes this file as early as possible.
So that other programs can use.
How does the garbage collector release managed and unmanaged resources?
1) Garbage collector looks at which objects are not needed ( this is when there are no references to the object).
2) Garbage collector will call destructor at the object.
3) In the object destructor, we can release unmanaged resources.
4) The garbage collector will delete the object from memory.

Bad situation
There is no destructor in our classroom and we work with unmanaged resources.
then before you delete the object from memory the garbage collector will not be able to release unmanaged resources (will not be able to close file handles network connections and so on).

Decision!
We ourselves must free up unmanaged resources and as early as possible (as soon as we no longer need them).
To free up unmanaged resources we must use the interface IDisposable.
How do we write a class to free up unmanaged resources? We use the interface IDisposable
To release unmanaged resources, you need to:
1) You need to inherit your class from IDisposable and inside the method Dispose(){...} refine managed resources , unmanaged resources.
2) Inside the destructor we clean unmanaged resources.
That is, the destructor is an additional method for cleaning up resources. [konec_stroki] If the method Dispose() we did not call, the destructor will be called by the system in any case.
Example
  C#  
class MyFile : IDisposable
{
     // interface implementation IDisposable
     public virtual void Dispose()
     {
          // clean up managed resources
          // ...

          // clean up unmanaged resources
          // ...
     }

     // class destructor
     ~MyFile()
     {
          // clean up unmanaged resources
          // ...
     }
}
Note 1 Interface IDisposable has only one method Dispose. When implementing this method, you must fulfill one important obligation: even a multiple call. Dispose should occur without errors.

Note 2 Interface IDisposable can be implemented in class and in struct.
Your class must inherit from the interface IDisposable if
If any member of your class is a managed resource
(a member of your class implements IDisposable)
Example:
  C#  
class MyFile
{
     protected FileStream myFile;
     ...
}


myFile - is a managed resource
myFile implements the interface IDisposable (FileStream inherited from IDisposable)

Therefore class MyFile must implement IDisposable

  C#  
class MyFile : IDisposable
{
     protected FileStream myFile;
     ...
}

if any class member is an unmanaged resource
Example:
  C#  
class MyFile
{
     IntPtr ptr = Marshal.AllocHGlobal(100);
     ...
}


ptr - this is an unmanaged resource

Therefore class MyFile must implement IDisposable

  C#  
class MyFile : IDisposable
{
     IntPtr ptr = Marshal.AllocHGlobal(100);
     ...
}

Call the method Dispose() to release unmanaged resources
The garbage collector does not call the Dispose().
We have to call the method ourselves Dispose().
Method Dispose() called by the user (not a garbage collector).

The garbage collector has information about the allocated memory, not the state of the resources. Therefore, we need to call the Dispose to free up resources in C#.

Example:
  C#  
MyFile file = new MyFile("D://a.txt");

// add text to the file
file.AddTextToFile("Hello");

// close unmanaged resources
file.Dispose();
using the best way to call the method Dispose
You need to use this expression:
  C#  
using (ClassName variableName = new ClassName())
{
     // ...
}


using will call the Dispose

Example (using)
  C#  
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Text;
using System.Threading.Tasks;

// we connect a library for working with files
using System.IO;

namespace ConsoleApplication1
{
     class MyFile : IDisposable
     {
          protected FileStream MyFileStream { get; set; }
          protected StreamWriter MyStream { get; set; }

          // class constructor
          public MyFile(string filePath)
          {
               // check if the file exists
               if (!File.Exists(filePath))
                    MyFileStream = File.Create(filePath); // create a file
               else
                    MyFileStream = File.Open(filePath, FileMode.Append); // open the file

               // open the stream
               MyStream = new StreamWriter(MyFileStream);
          }

          public void AddTextToFile(string text)
          {
               // write text to a file
               if (MyStream != null)
                    MyStream.Write(text);
          }

          // interface implementation IDisposable
          public virtual void Dispose()
          {
               // clean up managed resources
               if (MyStream != null)
               {
                    MyStream.Dispose();
                    MyStream = null;
               }

               if (MyFileStream != null)
               {
                    MyFileStream.Dispose();
                    MyFileStream = null;
               }

               // clean up unmanaged resources
               // ... we have no unmanaged resources
          }

          // class destructor
          ~MyFile()
          {
               // clean up unmanaged resources
               // ... we have no unmanaged resources
          }

     }

     class Program
     {
          static void Main(string[] args)
          {
               // after using {...} the file will be closed
               using (MyFile file = new MyFile("D://a.txt"))
               {
                    // add text to the file
                    file.AddTextToFile("Hello");
               }

          }
     }
}
using has 2 advantages:
1)
using calls the Dispose
2)
using contains secure code: try finally

compiler deploys using as code:
  C#  
MyFile file = new MyFile();
try
{
     // calling methods ...
     // in our example
     file.AddTextToFile("Hello");
}
finally
{
     file.Dispose();
}
Let's look at examples:
  C#  
MyFile file = new MyFile("D://a.txt");

// add text to the file
file.AddTextToFile("Hello");

// if there is an exception when writing to a file, then
// the file will not be closed

file.Dispose();
  C#  
using (MyFile file = new MyFile("D://a.txt"))
{
     // add text to the file
     file.AddTextToFile("Hello");

     // if there is an exception when writing to a file, then
     // the file will be CLOSED
     // because using contains a section finally
     // finally will call the Dispose
     // Dispose will call the MyStream.Close();
}
Notes!
using Has Dual-purpose:
to connect a namespace ...
• to call the method Dispose()
using contains multiple objects
In the using you can declare multiple objects of the same type. In this case, the compiler will insert code calling the Dispose() for each declared object.

Example
  C#  
using (Font font1 = new Font("Arial", 10.0f),
font2 = new Font("Arial", 10.0f))
{
     // ...
     // we work with font1 and font2
}
Microsoft offers us to implement IDispose this template:
  C#  
public class MyClass : IDisposable
{
     // class field
     private bool disposed = false;

     // interface implementation IDisposable
     public void Dispose()
     {
          Dispose(true);
         
          // tell the garbage collector that our facility has already freed up resources
          GC.SuppressFinalize(this);
     }

     protected virtual void Dispose(bool disposing)
     {
          if (!disposed)
          {
               if (disposing)
               {
                    // freeing up managed resources
                    // ...
               }

               // freeing up UNMANAGED resources
               // ...

               disposed = true;
          }
     }

     // class destructor
     ~MyClass()
     {
          Dispose(false);
     }
}
Explanation:
If we forgot to call the method in our program Dispose()
then, when the object is destroyed, a destructor will be called.
The destructor will call the Dispose and free up unmanaged resources.

That is, the template allows you to release unmanaged resources in any case.
Microsoft template implementation IDispose for a derived class
  C#  
using Microsoft.Win32.SafeHandles;
using System;
using System.Runtime.InteropServices;

class DerivedClass : BaseClass
{
     // class field
     bool disposed = false;

     // our managed resource
     SafeHandle handle = new SafeFileHandle(IntPtr.Zero, true);

     // realization IDisposable
     protected override void Dispose(bool disposing)
     {
          if (disposed)
               return;

          if (disposing)
          {
               // freeing up managed resources
               handle.Dispose();
               // ...
          }

          // freeing up UNMANAGED resources
          // ...

          disposed = true;

          // call the base class
          base.Dispose(disposing);
     }
}
 
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Algorithm for intersecting rectangles
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Contains (checks whether the text specified is case-sensitive or not in case-sensitive C#). Example: bool bFound = str1.Contains(str2);
IndexOf (searches for a case-sensitive string and returns the position in C#). Example: int pos = str1.IndexOf(str2);
Substring (returns part of the text from the specified position and length in the C#). Example: string str1 = "Hello World!"; string str2 = str1.Substring(2, 5);
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Format (text formatting, strings in the C#). Example: string strNew = String.Format("Hello {0}, {1}", name, year);
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$ (string interpolation in the C#). Example: string result = $"Hello {a} + {b} = {a + b}";
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[bgcolor=#F5F9DB]Constructors for a class[/bgcolor]
Class Constructor in the C#
Initializing a Class Object (set values for fields) in the C#
To call the constructor at the base class in the C#
Static constructor in class C#
"base" To call a method from the base class. To call a variable from the base class. To call the constructor from the base class. C#
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[bgcolor=#F5F9DB]Class Destructors[/bgcolor]
Class Destructor in the C#
Destructors in classrooms (how basic destructors are called) C#
[bgcolor=#F5F9DB]Inheritance[/bgcolor]
What is class inheritance in C# ?
[bgcolor=#F5F9DB]Inheritance using new[/bgcolor]
Use new for the interface method. Inheriting an interface from an interface with the same method
Use new for the class method. Inheriting a class from a class in C#.
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sealed class. Prohibition to inherit in the C#
Inheriting a class from a class in C#. We use words virtual, override, sealed for class methods
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Operators in a C# class. Operator overload: > < ++ + true false
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Nested class, structure in C#
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Static methods, properties, members in class C#
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SortedList class (collection in C#)
What is SortedList in C#?
Stack class (collection in C#)
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Queue class (collection in C#)
What is Queue in C# ?
Hashtable class (collection in C#)
What is a Hashtable in C# ?
BitArray class (collection in C#)
What is BitArray in C#?
Generic, typed collection classes in C# (elements of the same type are stored in the same collection)
IEnumerable interface<T>. The most basic interface for typed collections in C#
Interfaces: ICollection<T>, IList<T>, ISet<T>, IDictionary<TKey, TValue>. Basis for typed collections in C#
List class<T> (typed collection in C#)
What is List<T> in C#?
Initializing the Collection List in curly brackets in the C#
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ForEach (for each List element an<T> action is performed) in C#
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What is LinkedList<T> in C# ?
SortedList<TKey, TValue> class (typed collection in C#)
What is SortedList<TKey, TValue> in C# ?
Stack class<T> (typed collection in C#)
What is Stack<T> in C# ?
Queue class<T> (typed collection in C#)
What is Queue<T> in C# ?
HashSet class<T> (typed collection in C#)
What is a HashSet<T> in C# ?
How HashSet works<T> in C#
SortedSet class<T> (typed collection in C#)
What is a SortedSet<T> in C#?
ObservableCollection class<T> (typed collection in C#)
What is ObservableCollection<T> in C#?
Dictionary<TKey, TValue> class (typed collection in C#)
What is Dictionary<TKey, TValue> in C# ?
Initializing Elements in the Dictionary<TKey, TValue> Constructor in C#
How Dictionary<TKey, TValue> works in C#
How to convert IEnumerable to → Dictionary in C#<TKey, TValue> . Using the ToDictionary method
SortedDictionary<TKey, TValue> class (typed collection in C#)
What is SortedDictionary<TKey, TValue> in C# ?
ConcurrentDictionary<TKey, TValue> class (typed collection in C#)
What is ConcurrentDictionary<TKey, TValue> in C# ?
AddOrUpdate (add or update a value by key in ConcurrentDictionary<TKey, TValue>) in C#
Asymptotic complexity for adding, removing, taking an item in collections
Asymptotic complexity for adding, removing, taking an element in collections C# (List, SortedList, Stack, Dictionary, LinkedList, Queue, HashSet, SortedSet, ConcurrentDictionary, SortedDictionary)
Sorting Elements in the [] Array and List <T>Collection
Sorting elements in the [] array and List collection<T> in C#. IComparable interface
Sorting elements in the [] array and List collection<T> in C#. IComparer interface
My implementation of IEnumerator, IEnumerable, and iterators
Example: My implementation of the IEnumerable and IEnumerator interfaces in C#
Iterators and yield in C#. Examples of IEnumerable implementation with yield
Extension Methods for IEnumerable<T> (Search, Replace, Value Sampling) in C#
Methods for finding, replacing, and fetching values in IEnumerable<T>. Extension methods for IEnumerable<T> in C#
Any (IEnumerable extension method<T>) in C#
Select (IEnumerable extension method<T>) in C#
GroupBy (extension method IEnumerable<T>) in the C#
GroupJoin (extension method IEnumerable<T>) in the C#
Sorting, filtering in LINQ (Language-Integrated Query)
What is LINQ in C#?
Sorting, filtering list items using LINQ in C#
Books for learning LINQ in C#
Pointers
Pointers in C#. Operator unsafe
Pointers to structs, class fields, arrays in C#. Operators unsafe, stackalloc, fixed
Working with files
Open the file, read the text from the file and break it down by words. C#
Create a text file, write the text to a C file#
Create an HTML file, write tabular data in an HTML file | C#
Create a binary file, write bytes to file C#
Partial upload of a file from FTP to C#
Class Path. Combine method - merges the strings into the full path of the file. And other methods of the Path class | C#
Serialization
What is object serialization in C#? [Serializable] attribute
Serializing a C# object into a binary file. BinaryFormatter class. [Serializable] attribute
Serializing a C# object into an XML file. XmlSerializer class. [Serializable] attribute
Serialization of a C# object into a JSON file. DataContractJsonSerializer class. [Serializable] attribute
Serializing a C# object into a SOAP file. SoapFormatter class. [Serializable] attribute
Namespaces
Namespace using in C#
Delegate
Delegate in C#
Add method(s) in a C# delegate. Unification of delegates. Removing a Method from a Delegate
Delegate as a parameter in method C#
Unnamed, anonymous method in C# (method described in place of parameter, delegate)
Universal Delegates
Generic, generic delegates in C# (templates)
Action, Predicate, and Func Universal Delegates in C#
Events
Events in C#
Lyamda
Lamda (example) in C#
Regular expressions
Regular Expressions in C#
Breaking the text into words (regular expressions in c#)
Put * instead of the last name after the first letter (regular expressions in c#)
Breaking the text into words (regular expressions in c#)
Process, process modules
Process in C# (Process class)
Process modules in C# (ProcessModule class)
Threads, multithreading
Threads in C# (Thread class)
Thread Pool in C#
What"s the difference between background and foreground in C#?
Synchronizing Threads in C#
Parallel Library Task (TPL)
Parallel Library Task (TPL). Parallel Task Library in C#
The Parallel class uses the Invoke method to execute the for and foreach (on different CPU cores) methods in parallel in C#
PLINQ parallelizes LINQ queries to run on different processor cores in C#
Asynchronous methods (async and await)
class Task in C#
Asynchronous programming in C# (async, await how to formalize)
Asynchronous programming in C# (using async, await, and Task as an example)
Asynchronous Programming in C# (Theory)
Application domains
What are Application Domains in C# ? (AppDomain class)
Example "Application domain information" (current domain name, list assemblies) in C#
Example "Let"s create the 2nd application domain. Write the class in the 1st domain and use it in the 2nd domain. MarshalByRefObject in C#
Example "Load the 2nd domain of the application from a file, run the calculations, unload the 2nd domain from memory" to C#
Attributes
Attributes for Class, Method, Property in C#
Attribute [Conditional("AAA")] . For compilation, ignore a method or property unless a conditional compilation symbol is defined in C#
Attribute [Obsolete("My method is outdated. Do not use", false)] Warning when compiling code in the C#
The [Display(Name="Sleep at night")] attribute. To store some text attached to a variable | C#
The attribute [Required(ErrorMessage = "Please enter a name")] is described for a property in the C# class and requires the property to be populated if the ErrorMessage error in the MVC ASP.NET is not filled in the screen
The attribute [Remote("IsValidAuthor", "Home", ErrorMessage = "Enter correct author of book")] is described for a property in a C# class and checks that property for correctness on the server via the IsValidAuthor method in conroller Home, if the method returns false, then there will be an ErrorMessage error on the screen in the MVC ASP.NET
Reflection in C#
Nameof operator in C# (class name, method name, variable name)
What is reflection in C#? Type Class
Creating a class object and calling the constructor with parameters using reflection in C#
How to get attribute information for a method from a class. Using reflection | C#
How to get attribute information for a property of a class. Using reflection | C#
How to change the set property in a class if private using reflection | C#
Preprocessor directives (if on compilation)
#define #undef #if #elif #else #endif preprocessor directives in C#
How do I define #define for all files (for the entire project) in C#?
What is the CLR assembly and runtime?
Assembly (Assembly) in C#. Compilation. Intermediate code IL (Intermediate Language). Metadata.
How to include a C# assembly in a project?
Utility ildasm.exe. Converts an assembly (C# exe, dll file) to an intermediate language (IL). This utility is easy to learn
The runtime CLR (Common Language Runtime) in C# . JIT (Just-In-Time) compiler.
Creating and connecting our build
Creating our C# build (regular build)
Connecting our C# build (regular build)
Creating our C# assembly (split assembly)
Connecting our C# assembly (split assembly)
Database in Console Application C#
Entity Framework in a C# console application. Using Code First (we write c# code, and the tables in the database are created by ourselves)
Read the image from the database and save it to a file | ADO.NET, C#, console application
DI Dependency Injection in C#
Dependency injection in C# | Dependency Injection (DI)
Ninject (IoC container) dependency management in C#
Autofac (IoC container) dependency management in C#
Convenient Visual Studio utilities
View Class Diagram in C#
exe to C# code
"dotPeek" application for decompile (disassemble) exe to c# source code
In a C# application, call the C++ functions
What are managed code (managed code) and unmanaged code (unmanaged code)? | C# and C++
Marshaling (marshalling) in C#. Type Conversion Between Managed Code (managed code) and Unmanaged Code (unmanaged code)
In the application C# we call functions from Windows dll (C++ WinAPI). Attribute [DllImport("user32.dll")]
In a C# application, call functions from my dll (C++). Attribute [DllImport("My.dll", CallingConvention = CallingConvention.Cdecl)]
Additional topics, questions
You don"t create a new project in Visual Studio 2019. Object reference not set to instance of an object"
C# compilation error: error CS1106: Extension method must be defined in a non-generic static class
C# compilation error: error CS0246: The type or namespace name "Point" could not be found (are you missing a using directive or an assembly reference?)
Why can"t the Dictionary.TryGetValue method find a value by key in C#?
Object-oriented programming (OOP). OOP Principles: Abstraction, Encapsulation, Inheritance, Polymorphism
What letters in C# (uppercase or lowercase or uppercase) should we use to name fields, methods in a class, interfaces, delegates, parameters?
Is it correct to create a separate .cs file for each class in C#? Or write C# classes in a single .cs file?
Is it better to use a built-in int type or an Integer class (string type or String class) in C#?
How do I download and install the version of the .NET Framework I want in Visual Studio?
Boxing and unboxing meaningful types in C#
Error CS8107 Feature "default literal" is not available in C# 7.0. Please use language version 7.1 or greater
Error "unable to connect to web server "iis express" | C# | Visual Studio 2017
Uninstall and install NuGet in Visual Studio
When opening a project in Visual Studio 2019 error: "project requires "SQL Server 2012 Express LocalDB" which is not installed on this computer"
The checked and unchecked math operators
The unchecked math operator in C#
The checked math operator in C#
Additional C# classes
C# Random class
C# Structure Point
C# PointF structure
C# Size structure
C# SizeF structure
C# Rectangle Structure
C# RectangleF structure
It"s time
The amount of time that has elapsed since the system booted (in milliseconds). System.Environment.TickCount in C#
Encryption
Let"s encrypt the password and check it | C# console application
Excell
Reading an excel file in C# (console application)
WWW Sites to Learn C#
Websites to learn C#

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